Atherosclerosis

Arteries are muscular-walled vessels that carry blood from the heart to other parts of the body. If you are healthy, their inner walls with a smooth and flexible enough to adapt to changes in the final blood pressure, and blood passes through them freely. However, sometimes occur on the inner wall of the fatty streak, most likely due to pressure on places where the arteries branch or where the wall is slightly damaged. Fatty streak grows more and more damage artery walls and eventually can turn into a hard mass of adipose tissue, which damages the wall, reducing the elasticity of arteries, narrowing the vessel and obstructs blood circulation. Adipose tissue is known as atheroma, atheroma large masses called plates, and the name of the disorder is atherosclerosis, which literally means "hardening of the atheroma." Atherosclerosis is an important factor that contributes to the development of atherosclerosis.

Symptoms of atherosclerosis

Almost no symptoms until damage appears greater. When symptoms develop, usually after many years, this happens because the body is not circulation, and symptoms depend on which part is damaged. Thus, for example. You only have cramps in my legs after exercise, but you can infest and stroke, kidney failure, angina pectoris, or heart attack.

The incidence of atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis is common in the West. There are many cases without symptoms and therefore do not have exact figures, but during the autopsy of people killed in traffic accidents revealed that the degree of the disorder is almost universal, especially among men. Atherosclerosis affects children. This is because atherosclerosis is associated with high fat and cholesterol in the bloodstream. Most people in the West eat a lot of fatty foods or foods rich in cholesterol, for example. meat, butter and eggs, which is probably the main cause of the incidence of atherosclerosis.

If you are a man of any age or women over 35 years, with much to eat fatty foods, more likely to get atherosclerosis, and if you smoke, if you have any kidney disease, diabetes or high blood pressure. Of course, atherosclerosis worsens with age.

The dangers of atherosclerosis

Severe atherosclerosis can exist without obvious bad consequences. Many parts of the body is not supplied with blood only a particular artery and its branches, but the lower branches of adjacent arteries: one need not be affected even though the main supply channel severely damaged. When the blood supply from the main artery runs dry, the other arteries can sometimes compensate for the shortfall, so to expand, and the total blood supply, and almost not at risk. And for some body tissues that rely on blood supply from an artery no bad consequences, even though the channel is significantly reduced, because the normal blood supply usually exceeds the actual need.

Therefore, damage from atherosclerosis may be small for years, but no. However, it is likely that the narrowing of arteries due to the occurrence of one part of the body panels, depending on the artery or one of its branches, will remain without a final blood. If this occurs in the coronary arteries that supply the heart, there is a risk of angina pectoris or heart attack. If you are affected by cerebral arteries (those supplying the brain) can lead to stroke. It is possible to damage the kidneys, causing kidney failure or dry gangrene in the hand or foot.

What to do?

Do not wait until symptoms develop. Symptoms are a sign of consequences and unpleasant consequences occur as the disease progressed for years. Suppose now that you and your children at risk and that risk may be higher if one of your neighbors' relatives have a heart disease or suffered a stroke. Now, should take measures of self-help which I have recommended below. They will help you to prevent or slow the development of atherosclerosis.

Scientific studies show that the fatty streak on the inner artery wall may seem to disappear, but nothing can be done when it has created the panel. After some time in the development of atherosclerosis is a thorough treatment can reduce the possibility of another attack, but the disorder can progress to the stage where nothing can prevent a heart attack. This does not mean you have to ask the doctor to immediately conduct a search to determine if you already have atherosclerosis. These results are complex and expensive, a self-help measures would have to satisfy almost everyone.

However, consult your doctor if you are in your family there is someone with the disorder of the heart or blood flow, if you know someone from your immediate family has a high content of fat in the blood or if you suffer from diabetes. If so, then it is justified to consider the possibility of diagnostic tests to determine drug therapy.

Doctors will tell you to perform a search of cholesterol in the blood (before the results may not eat for several hours). In addition you will obviously have to control blood pressure, may be required and other tests, eg.chest x-ray to determine heart size or detection of calcium deposits in places where it is suspected to atherosclerosis, then an electrocardiogram (EKG) and arteriogram.

Treatment of atherosclerosis

Self-help: Since the development of a severe form of arteriosclerosis associated with the content of cholesterol in the blood, reduce the intake of animal fats and other saturated (dairy) fat. Eat poultry and fish instead of pork, beef and lamb. Remove the fat from the meat and bake it rather than fry on the grill. Because your egg meets almost the entire daily amount of cholesterol, limit the amount of eggs to 3 per week. Avoid creams and sweets; use margarine, which has a high content of polyunsaturated fats instead of butter, eat more fruits and vegetables, cooking oil, use the label "high in polyunsaturated fat," for example. seed and sunflower oil, not oil labeled "vegetable oil" without further explanation.

There is no clear link between obesity and smoking and atherosclerosis. No. obese people and heavy smokers as they are known as particularly sensitive to disturbances that most of them caused by atherosclerosis. So be sensible. Stop smoking, even if it were not overweight because you are at the risk of lung cancer. If you have to do that even obese, dieting to lose weight that you use to get rid of excess fat.

Finally, regular physical activity. Moderate physical activity can prevent the development of atherosclerosis and reduce the possibility of its serious consequences. But do not overdo it. Consult your doctor if you think that you could harm the physical activity.

Professional help: the doctor will help you by controlling your blood pressure and healing you from hypertension, if necessary. If you have an abnormally high content of cholesterol in your blood, your doctor may prescribe a means to reduce it if you take it regularly (well, some of these assets cause side effects, for example. Slightly increased risk of gallbladder disease).

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Coronary artery disease

Coronary artery disease is also known as heart disease or atherosclerosis. It is a thickening of blood vessels caused by fatty deposits called plaque. The heart must receive oxygen and nutrients for your good work. Blood carries oxygen and nutrients to the heart through blood vessels called arteries. As the plaque builds up, reducing blood flow to the heart muscle. Reduction of blood flow can cause chest pain, shortness of breath or may get a heart attack.

Symptoms

Coronary artery disease may be no symptoms or have the following symptoms:

• Pain or pressure in chest, arm, jaw, shoulders or neck, which can be spread from one place to another,

• a sense of pressure, weight, squeezing or burning,

• sweating

• shortness of breath,

• nausea,

• Feeling very tired, dizzy or faint.

Risk Factors

The person is at greater risk of developing coronary artery disease if:

• has a family history of disease,

• have high cholesterol, diabetes or high blood pressure,

• smoke or use tobacco,

• physically inactive,

• exposed to stress,

• are overweight.

By changing even just one risk factor may lead to improved heart health. You can prevent progression of the disease, and even improve health.

Him

The goal is to improve blood flow to the heart muscle and reduce the risk of heart attack. Care may include:

• Drug,

• exercise

• a diet low in fat,

• treatment or surgery,

• cardiac rehabilitation program.

No matter what kind of care is implemented, it does not "cure" disease. You throw out your risk factors and follow your plan of care.

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Arteriosclerosis

Arteriosclerosis is a degenerative disease of the artery wall. It belongs to the organic, structural phenomena. It is angioorganopatija occlusive nature. It is a typical disease of modern man and cililizovanog leads the list of morbidity and mortality rates of fatal complications, particularly in the level of coronary heart disease and cerebral arteries. While previously considered a disease of the elderly, is now a growing number of middle and younger age that are still in full working activity. 

Types of arteriosclerosis

When it comes to atherosclerosis refers to all forms of sclerosis of the artery wall, whether it is a predominantly Atherosclerosis, media sclerosis, diabetic atherosclerosis, or peripheral arteriosclerosis different genesis.

There are different classifications, but they all take account of the anatomical changes and clinical manifestations.

Media sclerosis

Senile hyperplastic,

Monckenbergova medioskleroza with calcifications.

Intimal sclerosis (Atheroscherosis).

Arteriolitic sclerosis (kidney and other visceral organs in hypertension).

Arteriosclerosis obliterans.

Etiopathogenesis

The emergence of atherosclerosis play an important role heredity, constitution, age, sspol, lifestyle and diet.

easily occurs in younger people, it is predominantly a disease of older persons. She favored the modern pace of life, mental stroke and extensive fat diet. It occurs frequently associated with hypertension, diabetes, gout, familial ksantomatozom, hypercholesterolemia, hypothyroidism and essential hyperlipemia miksedemom.

In the beginning of the process, which often occurs already in the second and 3 decade of life, in the deeper layers of the intima precipitated lipoidi, mainly cholesterol and leads to necrosis. In nekortičnim parts of the wall can be deposited and calcium salts, and if necrosis penetrating intimacy creates the atheromatous plates.

Symptoms and diagnosis

The clinical picture

So where is the field of arteriosclerosis develop stronger, we find a variety of symptoms and signs related to these organs. Frequently the arteriosclerotic process in a stronger degree of localization in the aorta, and

is primarily a question of Atherosclerosis of the aorta. It is often combined with coronary artery disease, although it can occur from the beginning as an isolated or predominant clinical picture. Also often associated with changes pomenutitn or herself may develop cerebral vascular syndrome as a reflection of atherosclerosis.

Symptoms

Subjective symptoms are different. Some patients have no symptoms for years. If the image is dominated ateromatoze aorta and coronary sclerosis, various problems occur behind the sternum and the heart area. At first it appears the pressure, then squeezing and burning, especially at work. There may be real aortalgije with burning feeling behind the breastbone that lasts for weeks and months to gain time for effort and frustration.

In the majority of coronary sclerosis leads to the appearance of stenocardia and pectoral angina with precordial pain and a feeling of fear of death. The pain often spreads to the left hand along the ulnar nerve in the neck and shoulder, although it may also have abdominal localization.

Arteriosclerosis of cerebral arteries initially causes a reduced ability of mental concentration and memory, then it may occur headache, vertigo, dizziness and fainting, especially when rapid changes in body position, ambient temperature and the stronger mental and physical effort.

If the changes are mainly in the lower extremities occurs occasionally limping - claudicatio intermittens of muscle ischemia, and if the process was developed in the abdomen can occur Dyspragia intermittens atherosclerotic abdominals.

The physical signs

Auscultation of the heart can be heard accent second the aortic tone, which may have a metallic sound. There may be a systolic murmur over the aorta. Pulse has the character of "pulsus celer," the artery is stiffer, the wall is thicker and can be easily moved. Artery may be elongated, tortuous and uneven due to calcification. Blood pressure can be increased, and in arteriosclerotic myocardiopathy and lowered. It can be changed skin color and skin temperature.

Radiological signs of

X-ray shows more distinct shadow of the aorta. It was expanded and elongirana. Aortic arch is moved upward to a height sternoklarikularnog joint, bulging is left in the form of more pronounced aortic button on whose periphery can see the lime deposits in the form of a thin scythe and the descending aorta is more noticeable.

Heart can be concentric hypertrophic. Aortography and arteriography can provide more visual information about the structure and change the lumen of the artery wall, particularly in cases of obstructive changes and collateral phenomena.

Oscillography pletismografski and signs

In cases with predominant obliteracionim changes, which developed peripheral circulatory insufficiency Oscillograms may show changes. But more important is the morphology of the oscillations of the curve, so we pletismogram gives more information about dikrotičnom wave and the speed of implementation; propagation time is extended, and the pulse wave is often modified, which causes the value inklinacionog time.

Functional signs

The function of the arteries may be affected to varying degrees. The arteries become more rigid, hard, lose their elasticity. Larger arteries are wider, less narrow, and can obliterisati. Sclerotic, elongirane medium caliber arteries become vulnerable to various stimuli and is very narrow and easy to stimuli that are normally wider (paradoxical reaction of the arteries), making it difficult to feed tissues.

Functional testing of the artery allows detection of early appearance of atherosclerosis. Change the color changing limb position (lifting legs upward), reactive hyperemia, which lag behind, or appears as a spot after 10 minutes of holding the elastic cuff deflation, the disappearance of the pulse in the construction of the limbs less than 45 ° indicate arteriosclerotic changes that lead to these functional characters.

Laboratory

There are no easy Typical laboratory analyzes that imply the presence of arteriosclerotic process, it is considered that hypercholesterolemia is one of the most common laboratory findings. It is important to pay attention to the total lipids and their relation to lipidogramu. As a rule, there is a higher index of lipoprotein that normally is beta / alpha to 3

Prognostic significance may have hiperprotrombinemija.

Radio isotopic technique offers fewer opportunities primarily for disorders and occlusion of blood flow through skeletal muscle.

Bacteriological, cytological and histological findings

Histological examination allows early detection of changes in the structure of the artery wall, but the need for these tests are not common.

The minimal diagnostic program

ECG with 12 derivations (3 standard, 3 and 6 unispolarne prekordijalnih at rest and after fatigue, if necessary).Oscilografija forearm and lower leg. Serum lipid levels, radiographs of the heart.

Treatment

First of all, an important prophylaxis. An appropriate pace of life and work with mandatory daily rest or break.Recommended physical activity, physical training and spending time outdoors at least 1-2 days a week. The diet insist on moderation and limit the fat content, especially with an abundance of saturated fatty acids.

The treatment must be used so. antisklerozantna resources: heparinoid ateroid, solvosterol, iodine, novocaine, vitamin A and E, vitamin B12, calcium panganicum, complamin other vazadilatatorna and opoterapijska assets (replacement therapy).

Forecast

It depends on age, degree of changes and complications.

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